Cold Stress

Cold stress is excessive exposure to cold temperatures without proper warming periods. Hypothermia occurs when body temperature drops below 35°C. 

Severe hypothermia can result in death. 

Working in the cold winter weather is very similar in some ways as working in the extreme heat: you have to be prepared for it, you have to be equipped for it and you have to get accustomed to it. 

For example, it is easy to become dehydrated in cold weather. Typically we think of that as a heat related issue but it holds true for the cold also. Drink plenty prior to working. Warm sweetened liquids can be especially helpful. Avoid alcoholic drinks. Remember, it is as important to hydrate yourself PRIOR to starting work as it is during the actual physical activity. 

Dressing properly is extremely important to preventing cold stress. The type of fabric worn also makes a difference. Cotton loses its insulation value when it becomes wet. Wool, silk and most synthetics, on the other hand, retain their insulation even when wet. 

How to Protect Yourself

The following are recommendations for working in cold environments: 

• Wear at least three layers of loose fitting clothing. Layering provides better insulation. Do not wear tight fitting clothing. An inner layer of wool, silk or synthetic to keep moisture away from the body. A middle layer of wool or synthetic to provide insulation even when wet. An outer wind and rain protection layer that allows some ventilation to prevent overheating. 

• Wear a hat or hood to help keep your whole body warmer. Hats reduce the amount of body heat that escapes from your head. • Use a knit mask to cover the face and mouth (if needed). • Use insulated gloves to protect the hands (water resistant if necessary). 

• Wear insulated and waterproof boots (or other footwear). • Use the buddy system. 

• Take frequent short breaks in warm, dry shelters. 

• Schedule outdoor activities/work for the warmest part of the day. 

• Drink warm, sweet beverages (sugar water, sports drinks) and avoid drinks with caffeine. 

Know the symptoms of hypothermia: 

o Finger tip, toe, or extremity pain 

o Severe shivering 

o Clouded consciousness 

o Severe hypothermia: progressive loss of consciousness, shivering stops, breathing decreases, unconsciousness, heart attack